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Generation X or Gen X for short is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the Millennials. Researchers and popular media typically use birth years around to to define Generation Xers, although some sources use birth years beginning as early as and ending somewhere from to As children in the s and s, a time of shifting societal values, Gen Xers [1] were sometimes called the " latchkey generation", due to reduced adult supervision compared to previous generations. This was a result of increasing divorce rates and increased maternal participation in the workforce, prior to widespread availability of childcare options outside the home. As adolescents and young adults in the s and s, Xers were dubbed the " MTV Generation " a reference to the music video channel , sometimes being characterized as slackers , cynical , and disaffected. Some of the cultural influences on Gen X youth were the musical genres of grunge and hip hop music , and independent films.
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Generation X or Gen X for short is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the Millennials. Researchers and popular media typically use birth years around to to define Generation Xers, although some sources use birth years beginning as early as and ending somewhere from to As children in the s and s, a time of shifting societal values, Gen Xers [1] were sometimes called the " latchkey generation", due to reduced adult supervision compared to previous generations. This was a result of increasing divorce rates and increased maternal participation in the workforce, prior to widespread availability of childcare options outside the home.
As adolescents and young adults in the s and s, Xers were dubbed the " MTV Generation " a reference to the music video channel , sometimes being characterized as slackers , cynical , and disaffected. Some of the cultural influences on Gen X youth were the musical genres of grunge and hip hop music , and independent films. In midlife, research describes them as active, happy, and achieving a work—life balance.
The cohort has been credited with entrepreneurial tendencies, and was the last generation in the United States for whom post-secondary education was broadly financially remunerative. The term Generation X has been used at various times to describe alienated youth. In the early s, Hungarian photographer Robert Capa first used Generation X as the title for a photo-essay about young men and women growing up immediately following World War II.
The term first appeared in print in a December issue of Holiday magazine announcing their upcoming publication of Capa's photo-essay. In his final chapter, Fussell named an "X" category of people who wanted to hop off the merry-go-round of status, money, and social climbing that so often frames modern existence. Billy Idol had attributed the name of his band to the book Generation X , a book on popular youth culture written by two British journalists, Jane Deverson and Charles Hamblett.
Author William Strauss noted that around the time Coupland's novel was published the symbol "X" was prominent in popular culture, as the film Malcolm X was released in , and that the name "Generation X" ended up sticking. The "X" refers to an unknown variable or to a desire not to be defined.
In the US, some called Generation Xers the "baby bust" generation because of the drop in the birth-rate following the baby-boom. Author Neil Howe noted the delay in naming this demographic cohort saying, "Over 30 years after their birthday, they didn't have a name. I think that's germane. Generation X is the demographic cohort following the post—World War II baby-boom , representing a generational change from the baby-boomers.
Many researchers and demographers use dates which correspond to the fertility-patterns in the population. For Generation X, in the US and broadly, in the western world , the period begins at a time when fertility rates started to significantly decrease, following the baby-boom peak of the late s, until an upswing and eventual recovery at the end of the s.
In the US, the Pew Research Center , a non-partisan think-tank, delineate a period of — which has, albeit gradually, come to gain acceptance in academic circles. Pew takes into account other factors, notably the labour market as well as attitudinal and behavioral trends of a group. Writing for Pew 's Trend magazine in , psychologist Jean Twenge observed that the "birth year boundaries of Gen X are debated but settle somewhere around — The Brookings Institution , another US think-tank, sets the period as between and Authors Jain and Pant in use parameters of to Bloomberg , [26] Business Insider , [27] and Forbes [28] [29] use — Time states that Generation X is "roughly defined as anyone born between and On the basis of the time it takes for a generation to mature, US Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe define Generation X as those born between and in their book titled Generations.
The first begins in and ends in whilst the second starts in and finishes in This thinking is applied to each generation Silent, Boomers, Millennials etc. Based on external events of historical importance, Schewe and Noble in argue that a cohort is formed against significant milestones and can be any length of time. Against this logic, Generation X begins in and ends in Those born between and are labelled "trailing-edge boomers". Individuals born in the Generation X and millennial cusp years of the late s and early to mids have been identified by the media as a "microgeneration" with characteristics of both generations.
There are differences in population numbers depending on the date-range selected. The cohort is likely to overtake boomers in Masnick concluded that immigration filled in any birth year deficits during low fertility years of the late s and early s.
The birth control pill , introduced in by the US Food and Drug Administration , was one contributing factor of declining birth rates.
Initially, the pill spread rapidly amongst married women as an approved treatment for menstrual disturbance. However, it was also found to prevent pregnancy and was prescribed as a contraceptive in The pill, as it became commonly known, reached younger, unmarried college women in the late s when state laws were amended and reduced the age of majority from 21 to ages Another major factor was abortion , only available in a few states until its legalization in a US Supreme Court decision in Roe v.
This was replicated elsewhere, with reproductive rights legislation passed, notably in the UK , France , West Germany , New Zealand , Italy , and the Netherlands Between and , on average, for every 10 American citizens born, 3 were aborted. Strauss wrote that society "moved from what Leslie Fiedler called a s-era 'cult of the child' to what Landon Jones called a s-era 'cult of the adult'.
The Gen X childhood coincided with the sexual revolution of the s, which Susan Gregory Thomas described in her book In Spite of Everything as confusing and frightening for children in cases where a parent would bring new sexual partners into their home.
In the s, only 9 U. S states allowed for joint custody of children, which has since been adopted by all 50 states following a push for joint custody during the mids. Kramer , a American legal drama, based on Avery Corman 's best-selling novel came to epitomize the struggle for child custody and the demise of the traditional nuclear family. The rapid influx of Boomer women into the labour force that began in the s was marked by the confidence of many in their ability to successfully pursue a career while meeting the needs of their children.
This resulted in an increase in latchkey children , leading to the terminology of the "latchkey generation" for Generation X. Latchkey children became common among all socioeconomic demographics, but this was particularly so among middle and upper-class children. Some older Gen Xers started high school in the waning years of the Carter presidency but the majority of the cohort will have become socially and politically conscious during the Reagan era. President Ronald Reagan , , voted in office principally by the Boomer generation, [70] embraced laissez-faire economics with vigour with cuts in the growth of government spending, reduction in taxes for the higher echelon of society, legalizaton of stock buybacks and deregulation of key industries.
The early s recession saw unemployment rise to Government expenditure shifted from domestic programs to defense. Remaining funding initiatives, moreover, tended to be diverted away from programs for children and often directed toward the elderly population, with cuts to Medicaid and programs for children and young families, and protection and expansion of Medicare and Social Security for the elderly population. These programs for the elderly were not tied to economic need.
Congressman David Durenberger criticized this political situation, stating that while programs for poor children and for young families were cut, the government provided "free health care to elderly millionaires".
Gen Xers came of age or were children during the crack epidemic , which disproportionately impacted urban areas as well as the African-American community in the US. Drug turf battles increased violent crime, and crack addiction impacted communities and families. Between and , the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 doubled in the US, and the homicide rate for black males aged 18 to 24 increased almost as much.
The crack epidemic had a destabilizing impact on families with an increase in the number of children in foster care. In , President Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act to enforce strict mandatory minimum sentencing for drug users and increased the federal budget for supply-reduction efforts.
By , an estimated one to two million Americans were HIV positive. This particularly hit the LGBT community. Sex education programs in schools were adapted to address the AIDS epidemic which taught Gen X students that sex could kill you. Gen Xers were the first children to have access to computers in their homes and at schools.
In the early s, the growth in the use of personal computers exploded with manufacturers such as Commodore , Atari and Apple responding to the demand via 8 and bit machines. This in turn stimulated the software industries with corresponding developments for back-up storage, use of the floppy disk, zip drive and CD-ROM. They were described in a marketing report by Specialty Retail as the kids who "lived the civil rights movement.
In the s, Strauss reported Gen Xers were "by any measure the least racist of today's generations". Although, globally, children and adolescents of Generation X will have been heavily influenced by US cultural industries with shared global currents e. Even within the period of analysis, inside national communities, commonalities will have differed on the basis of one's birth date.
The generation, Christine Henseler also remarks, was shaped as much by real-world events, within national borders, determined by specific political, cultural and historical incidents.
She adds "In other words, it is in between both real, clearly bordered spaces and more fluid global currents that we can spot the spirit of Generation X". In Russia , for example, Generation Xers are referred to as "the last Soviet children", as the last children to come of age prior to the downfall of communism in their nation and prior to the fall of the Soviet Union.
However, even before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of the Communist Party, surveys demonstrated that Russian young people repudiated the key features of the Communist worldview that their party leaders, schoolteachers and even parents had tried to instill in them. In France, "Generation X" is not as widely known or used to define its members. There is general agreement that, domestically, the event that is accepted in France as the separating point between the Baby Boomer generation and Generation X are the French strikes and violent riots of May The United Kingdom's Economic and Social Research Council described Generation X as "Thatcher's children" because the cohort grew up while Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister from to , "a time of social flux and transformation".
Those born in the late s and early s grew up in a period of social unrest. While unemployment was low in the early s, industrial and social unrest escalated. Strike action culminated in the 'winter of discontent' in —79, and the Troubles began to unfold in Northern Ireland.
The turn to neo-liberal policies introduced and maintained by consecutive conservative governments from to marked the end of the post-war consensus. Educationally, the vast majority of the cohort attended secondary modern schools , relabelled comprehensive schools with compulsory education ending at the age of The Further and Higher Education Act and the liberalization of higher education in the UK saw greater numbers gaining places, especially those born at the cusp-end of the generation.
In Germany, "Generation X" is not widely used or applied. Instead, reference is made to "Generation Golf" in the previous West German republic, based on a novel by Florian Illies whilst, in the east, children of the "Mauerfall" or coming down of the wall.
For former east Germans, there was adaptation but also a sense of loss of accustomed values and structures, sometimes turning into romantic narratives of their childhood. For those in the west, a period of discovery and exploration of what had been a forbidden land.
In South Africa , Gen Xers spent their formative years of the s during the "hyper-politicized environment of the final years of apartheid ". In the US, compared to the Boomer generation, Generation X was more educated than their parents with the share of young adults enrolling in college steadily increasing from before peaking in In , for the youngest Boomers, the first to enter college, total enrollment of new undergraduates was just over 5.
By , the first year of college enrollment of the new cohort as per the Pew center's definition , this figure had reached As the s progressed, Gen X college enrollments continued to climb with increased loan borrowing as the cost of an education became substantially more expensive compared to their peers in the mids. For early Gen Xer graduates entering the job market at the end of the s, economic conditions were challenging and did not show signs of major improvements until the mids.
On the political front, in the US, reared in the shadow of the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal , coming to maturity under Reagan and Bush presidencies, with first-hand experience of the impact of neo-liberal policies, the generation became ambivalent if not outright disaffected with politics.
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The Best Free Dating Apps for Teenagers and Young Adults
By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy , Privacy Policy , and our Terms of Service. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find and share information. Note: look for file named ' future.
In reality, several factors play into which site or app works best for any particular person.
Android iPhone and iPad Social Media. Any stigma online dating had in the past is gone, with dozens of apps to choose from and thousands of couples crediting their love to these apps. You can even connect with potential mates on Twitter!
